Publications: Trelysa Long

The United States could pour an estimated $10.3 trillion into the infrastructure needed to support artificial intelligence between 2025 and 2032.

Between 1996 and 2025, Bayh-Dole-enabled technology transfer from university and nonprofit research benefiting from federal funding contributed as much as $3.3 trillion to U.S. gross economic output, $1.7 trillion to gross domestic product, and 7.6 million job-years of employment.

The United States needs a strong domestic semiconductor manufacturing base to support economic growth, strengthen supply chains, and remain globally competitive. To sustain investment in new U.S. semiconductor facilities, policymakers should make the Advanced Manufacturing Investment Credit permanent.

Between 2005 and 2024, Chinese firms received, on average, three to eight times more government support than firms based in OECD economies, even while using conservative estimates.

A 1 percentage point increase in an industry’s exposure to H-1B workers raises the long-run income of college-educated native workers in non-STEM occupations by about a 1.21 percent increase. In Computer Systems Design, the industry most exposed to H-1B immigration, this translates into an approximately 15 percent increase in long-run income for native non-STEM workers.

Firms that increased their investment in artificial intelligence experienced significantly faster productivity growth from 2018 to 2024, roughly one additional percentage point of productivity growth per year.

Misleading interpretations of federal data have fueled claims that economic gains are increasingly flowing to shareholders. But when evaluating who benefits from economic growth, wages and salaries are only one component of national income.

Recent changes to science and immigration policy are making scientists reconsider building their careers in the United States. To preserve America’s competitive advantage, policymakers should ensure stable federal research funding, protect merit-based peer review, and modernize high-skill immigration policy.

The United States is becoming less productive in manufacturing, even as productivity rises across nontraded sectors. To maintain U.S. industrial leadership, policymakers should incentivize manufacturers to adopt productivity-enhancing technologies.

China is not only investing more in innovation but also becoming better at turning those investments into technologies with commercial potential. To maintain its technological leadership, the United States should strengthen its entire innovation pipeline, from research to commercialization.