The United States imposed six sets of tariffs in 2018, levying taxes on $303 billion worth of U.S. imports, which drove other nations to impose tariffs on $121 billion worth of U.S. exports. New analysis of U.S. trade through November 2018 found that nearly all the value of tariffs was passed through to U.S. companies and consumers in the form of domestic price increases.

Fact of the Week: Tariff Increases Through November 2018 Redirected $165 Billion in Trade on an Annualized Basis, Reducing Overall U.S. Welfare by $16.8 Billion

The United States imposed tariffs on $290 billion of imports in 2018 and 2019, with an average tariff increase of 24 percent. A new study has quantified the impact of this on the U.S. economy, finding that firms facing increased import costs accounted for 84 percent of U.S. exports in those years and 65 percent of U.S. manufacturing employment.

Fact of the Week: New US Import Tariffs Have Cost Affected Firms an Average of $900 Per Worker

In the World Trade Organization’s (WTO) “Global Trade Outlook and Statistics Report for 2025,” the WTO predicts that global merchandise trade will decline by 0.2 percentage points.

Fact of the Week: World Merchandise Trade Is Projected To Fall by 0.2 Percent in 2025

Experts suggest that increasing the U.S. effective tariff rate by 10 percentage points will increase inflation by up to 1.2 percent.

Fact of the Week: A 10 Percent Increase in the Effective U.S. Tariff Rate Could Lead to an Inflation Increase of up to 1.2 Percent

A recent article suggests that while the tariffs may have decreased Chinese imports to the United States, Chinese imports also increased in other major U.S. trading partners.

Fact of the Week: China’s Share of US Goods Imports Has Fallen by 8 Percentage Points Since the 2018–2019 Tariff Hikes

Fact of the Week: China's Share of US Goods Imports Has Fallen by 8 Percentage Points Since the 2018–2019 Tariff Hikes

After falling from its peak of 5.7 percent in 2006 to 3.6 percent in 2019, the United States’ manufacturing trade deficit as a share of its GDP has risen to 5.3 percent in 2022 through June, its highest level since 2008 (5.5 percent).

Fact of the Week: The US Manufacturing Trade Deficit as a Share of GDP Through June Is at Its Highest Level Since 2008

Though inflation has remained relatively stable thus far in 2025, projections estimate that inflation in the United States will increase in 2026 from 2.7 percent to 3 percent.

Fact of the Week: Inflation Is Expected to Rise to 3 Percent in the United States in 2026

Prior to last week’s progress toward an interim trade deal with China, the United States had repeatedly delayed the expansion of tariffs on Chinese goods to most finished products. This was out of concern that such an escalation would hit U.S. consumers harder than existing tariffs on the intermediate goods that serve as inputs for companies to make their final products.

Fact of the Week: A 10 Percent Reduction in Tariffs on Intermediate Goods Increases Productivity Growth by 1.9 Percent, an Impact 6.5 Times Greater Than the Same Reduction on Final Goods

A recent working paper suggests that trade and technology restrictions in the U.S. not only reduce consumer welfare and exports, but also negatively influence other indicators such as foreign investment due to declines in associated technology transfer.

Fact of the Week: Through November 2025, U.S. Consumers and Businesses Bore 86 Percent of the Economic Burden From Tariffs

Related

Fact of the Week: Tariff Increases Through November 2018 Redirected $165 Billion in Trade on an Annualized Basis, Reducing Overall U.S. Welfare by $16.8 Billion

Fact of the Week: New US Import Tariffs Have Cost Affected Firms an Average of $900 Per Worker

Fact of the Week: World Merchandise Trade Is Projected To Fall by 0.2 Percent in 2025