Wireless Network Modernization Helps Reduce Harmful Emissions

Modern wireless networks defy the stereotype that tech is bad for the environment. Countries that deploy 5G see reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, and the environmental benefits tend to follow two distinct paths. First, for countries reliant on outdated wireless infrastructure, network upgrades can generate immediate, measurable reductions in carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions because transitioning from 2G/3G to 4G/5G replaces energy-inefficient infrastructure. Second, in more technologically advanced countries, expanding 5G networks can play a role in reducing CO₂ emissions by making other industries, like transportation and energy, more sustainable.

5G networks are more energy efficient than older wireless generations because of increased control of how, when, and where the infrastructure transmits data. Technologies specific to 5G networks, like multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) antennas and base stations that can enter sleep mode, deliver more data while using less power. These capabilities make modern wireless infrastructure more efficient than legacy systems and generate immediate environmental benefits for countries still reliant on 2G/3G connectivity.

5G adoption can help reduce CO₂ emissions in technologically advanced countries as well, but studies show that environmental benefits are context-dependent and do not happen right away. Adoption may initially cause an increase in emissions because heightened use of the networks and the environmental impact of initial infrastructure deployment nullify energy efficiency gains. However, the data are equally clear that, over time, these early increases are offset by emissions reductions in the long-term, especially in countries that have widespread integration of 5G networks.

For countries with high 5G adoption, the long-term environmental benefits go beyond just a more sustainable broadband industry. In the United States, the transportation industry produces the most greenhouse gases. 5G connectivity would help reduce CO₂ emissions from cars by enabling a city-wide connected vehicle network, if that network reduces traffic congestion, prevents car accidents, and helps drivers find open parking more quickly. These capabilities will reduce emissions from idling and unnecessarily long commute times. 5G can also help improve the performance of smart public transportation and ride-sharing. Greater use of both transportation methods leads to fewer cars on the road, which has positive environmental impacts.

The electric power industry is the second-largest producer of greenhouse gases in the United States, and 5G can make the energy sector more sustainable by enabling smart systems in buildings and power grids. The ultra-low latency and high-bandwidth capabilities of 5G can allow smart grid operators to better manage and optimize energy distribution, detect faults, and handle emergencies. For smart buildings, 5G connectivity enables massive networks of interconnected Internet of Things (IoT) devices to run seamlessly, making the building more energy efficient in the process.

Lawmakers should prioritize modernizing wireless networks nationwide, considering the relationship between 5G expansion and CO₂ emissions reductions. The Federal Communications Commission can advance this goal by removing barriers to wireless infrastructure deployment, reforming the implementation of key environmental regulations, and allowing wireless carriers to modernize their networks. Congress can do its part by reforming the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) to prevent it from being used to block critical infrastructure deployments.

5G deployment and integration at scale, alongside other policies focused on emissions reduction, can help the United States achieve its connectivity and sustainability goals.