The Framework

India has developed one of the most intricate and expansive digital tax frameworks globally, integrating various policies aimed at taxing digital activities. Central to this framework was a 6 percent equalization levy on online advertising services offered by non-resident companies, which was supplemented by a 2 percent equalization levy on e-commerce operators.[1] India repealed the 2 percent e-commerce levy in August 2024, followed by the 6 percent advertising levy in April 2025.[2] A significant feature of India’s tax approach is the introduction of the significant economic presence (SEP) concept, which extends the definition of a digital permanent establishment based on revenue thresholds (INR 20 million or $240 thousand) and user engagement criteria (300,000 users).[3] This multi-faceted system demonstrated India’s commitment to securing tax revenue from digital activities within its borders.

Implications for U.S. Technology Companies

Before their withdrawal, India’s digital tax framework presented considerable challenges for U.S. technology companies, particularly in terms of operational complexity and compliance. The combination of equalization levies, withholding taxes, and SEP regulations created a taxing environment that impacted American firms with large user bases in India. The user threshold of 300,000 interactions targeted prominent U.S. platforms, while taxes based on gross revenues rather than profits could significantly affect the profitability of companies operating in India, a market known for its cost sensitivity and thin margins. Additionally, non-resident digital service providers are required to register for and collect a goods and services tax (GST), which added an extra layer of administrative complexity. This not only increased operational costs but forced companies to absorb these costs or pass them on to Indian consumers.

China stood to benefit strategically from India’s digital tax policies when they were in effect, especially as it continues to expand its tech sector’s international footprint. The revenue thresholds and user engagement metrics create a clear framework for Chinese companies to enter and grow in the Indian market. Chinese firms, often backed by state support and accustomed to navigating intricate regulatory environments, may be better positioned to absorb the associated compliance costs and tax burdens while scaling their operations. Moreover, Chinese companies typically enter India through joint ventures or partnerships with local firms, which could provide an opportunity to structure their operations in ways that optimize tax efficiency under India’s complex tax system. This advantage could allow Chinese digital platforms to outperform U.S. companies, which have historically operated more directly in India and are thus more exposed to the full scope of digital tax obligations. With the withdrawal of equalization levies, this competitive disadvantage for U.S. firms has been largely eliminated, though SEP provisions could still theoretically impact companies without treaty protection.

Endnotes