
Fact of the Week: Stricter Land Use Regulations Led to a 40 Percent Decline in Construction Productivity
Source: Leonardo D’Amico, et al., “Why Has Construction Productivity Stagnated? The Role of Land-Use Regulation,” (working paper, National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), Cambridge, Massachusetts, November 2024).
Commentary: U.S. land-use regulations have become stricter and more numerous since 1970, making it increasingly difficult for construction firms to build cheaper, large-scale developments. As a result, construction labor productivity has significantly declined, falling 40 percent from 1970 to 2000, even as productivity in other industries, such as manufacturing, has grown. Today, labor productivity in construction is equal to that of the 1930s. Stricter land-use regulations have favored smaller developments built by smaller firms, allowing them to dominate the construction market. However, smaller firms have been proven to invest less in new technology and be less productive than their larger counterparts. Assuming firm size is responsible for half of the decline in productivity, increasing firm sizes in the construction industry would result in a 60 percent increase in labor productivity. Developments built by more productive firms could also lead to a reduction in housing prices.